Social Equity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Equity - Assignment Example This was not an issue, then again, actually each time the tests were directed, results would in general be that white competitors out-performed other minority gatherings. This pattern had started an objection from residents who translated the results to be potential demonstrations of separation. It the encounter that had followed, white Hispanics who accepted they has breezed through the tests gone into a lawful suit against the City that the outcomes were designed to separate them against the arrangements of the constitution (Woods Jr and Gutzman, 2009). The District Court had at first allowed rundown judgment to the case and the subsequent circuit had attested. In assurance of the intrigue, the court promotion saw that Title IV denies any demonstrations of work segregation based on shading, sex, race, religion or national birthplace under what it deciphered as divergent treatment. The court had likewise expounded that different types of business segregation rehearses incorporate discriminative approaches or any training that prevails with regards to separating, regardless of whether planned to be so or acts so as a matter of course particularly on minorities. Different treatment is the oppressive demonstration in which a business regards different representatives as lesser creatures as to working environment elements (Supreme Court of the United States, 2009). The court had likewise seen that once an offended party has set up an at first sight instance of dissimilar act, at that point it is the obligation of the business has the weight to demonstrate to the court that the situation being referred to and strategies for procurement are steady with the need of the particular business being referred to. The court additionally perceived that in uncommon conditions, when a business goes in a purposeful direction that legitimately segregates based on playing it safe to keep away from or helping inadvertent dissimilar effect, and, after its all said and done the business must have a solid

How to Prepare for a Timed Writing Exam

Instructions to Prepare for a Timed Writing Exam Coordinated expositions are a most loved for state administered tests and school tests. They test your insight, however they test your capacity to build up a lucid contention under tension. The key to a planned composing test is arrangement heretofore and abstaining from hurrying upon the arrival of the test. Here are a few hints on the most proficient method to compose an extraordinary planned exposition. Deal with Your Stress One reason for lackluster showing on planned papers is uneasiness. There are loads of logical investigations that show how nervousness influences cerebrum work. On the off chance that you’re focused while perusing the brief, you may not have the option to get it, not to mention figure a decent reaction to it. On the off chance that you feel yourself beginning to freeze when the delegate or educator begins the clock, pause for a minute to quiet yourself down. Close your eyes. Take a couple of full breaths. Check to twenty. At that point gradually open your eyes and with a quiet psyche begin perusing the article brief. Something else that assists with pressure is planning. Discover which things can cause you to flop and how to stay away from them! Do Some Practice Runs You won’t know the point heretofore, however on the off chance that you really plunk down and do two or three practice papers on some conceivable subjects, you’ll have the option to see where your shortcomings falsehood and how you can address them. For instance, did you hurry into the composition without thoroughly considering it first? Did you have to return and update? Did you have sufficient opportunity to make a reasonable modification? Rehearsing first won't possibly assist you with staying increasingly quiet when it’s show time, it will likewise assist you with figuring out how to take on a steady speed. Think Before You Write In the wake of perusing the point, give yourself some an opportunity to let your musings on it plan. On the off chance that you bounce directly in to your first thought, you may pass up on a chance to compose a shockingly better, progressively all around shaped exposition. A decent method to choose what to compose is to write down notes on the various thoughts that surface and afterward pick which one you believe is the best one. Make an Outline Once more, fight the temptation to simply begin writing and commit time to setting up your paper first. Making a framework where you line up the focuses you wish to address will help manage your composition. It will likewise keep you from overlooking what you needed to state, a typical issue with coordinated expositions because of stress and weight. Ensure You’re Answering the Question Another regular entanglement to maintain a strategic distance from is neglecting to address the brief. Once more, this issue can be dodged by easing back down. While making your blueprint, continue alluding to the brief. Does each piece of your layout answer it? If not, what must be changed to ensure you remain on course? Don’t Write Filler Despite the fact that this is a planned paper, you ought to commit your endeavors to composing quality explanations. Don’t compose just to occupy the space. This can be especially enticing when composing the presentation which is the place it’s generally significant for you to arrive at the point. Your theory proclamation toward the finish of your initial passage ought to be very much characterized and solid. This will help the progression of the remainder of your paper so give it your best exertion. Modification Tips Imagine a scenario in which you followed the entirety of the above exhortation however really busy composing had another thought that would change your paper. Here you need to settle on a choice. Is the new thought so much better that it warrants changing your paper structure for it? What's more, do you have sufficient opportunity to modify totally? Assuming this is the case, at that point return and reconsider the parts you’ve composed up until now. On the off chance that you’re composing on paper, ensure you skirt a line to leave space for modifications. On a PC, it’s a lot simpler to update, however you additionally risk erasing work you wish to utilize later. In the event that you’re reconsidering on a PC, put the parts you need to take out in sections. After you’ve completed the process of composing and are doing a last alter, return and take out the parts that are superfluous.

Alexs Guide to Netflix

Alexs Guide to Netflix Hello! I hope everyone is doing well and enjoying the beautiful weather. Today, I’ve decided to write about something that is a little different but also very important in the life of a college student. I consider myself a self-proclaimed Netflix expert. I have had many years of figuring out what to watch and when to watch it. This is an actual text that was sent to me: So, I’ve compiled a list of shows to watch in certain situations you will all find yourself in while at schoolâ€"all of which are my personal recommendations and currently found on Netflix. SHOWS TO WATCH IF YOU ARE: Bored with friends? -How I Met Your Mother -New Girl -Friends -Parks and Recreation -The Office Missing your family? -Parenthood -Fuller House -Roseanne -Bob’s Burgers Missing your parent’s cooking? -Chopped -Cutthroat Kitchen -Cupcake Wars -Man v. Food Needing to study for a science course but would rather watch Netflix? -Bones -The Magic School Bus -Bill Nye the Science Guy -Grey’s Anatomy Wanting to travel but you’re stuck at school? -An Idiot Abroad -Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown Aspiring to have a career in politics or the criminal justice system? -Scandal -Prison Break -Criminal Minds -Law Order SVU -How to Get Away with Murder These  are just some of my suggestions. I have many more so let me know if you ever need a recommendation (after you get all your homework done first, of course)! ?? -Alex Alex Class of 2017 My major is Social Work and I love every minute of it. I grew up in a really small town called Braidwood, Illinois. Before I attended the University of Illinois, I went to Joliet Junior College.

Anorexia has many negative effects as well. According to...

Anorexia has many negative effects as well. According to the University of Maryland Medical Centers article Eating Disorders, â€Å"Anorexia nervosa can increase the risk for serious health problems such as: hormonal changes including reproductive, thyroid, stress, and growth hormones, heart problems such as abnormal heart rhythm, electrolyte imbalance, fertility problems, bone density loss, anemia, and neurological problems.† Anorexia can severely affect a person internally. The continuous lack of nutrients can leave an anorexic person extremely frail. The heart in particular can grow so weak, that heart failure occurs. Eating disorders can lead too permanent health damages can stay with a person for the rest of their life. With the idea that†¦show more content†¦Such an extreme would be unnecessary and could reduce the effectiveness of their promotion efforts† (495-504). By advertisers using models that a freakishly thin, they are making the idea of an unhealthily skinny figure seem ideal. There is not one because in particular that creates self-esteem dissatisfaction, however; the media is a huge contributor. America is one of the most obese countries in the world. America is also where people are most affected by eating disorders. For many years, eating disorders stayed in America, however, recently that is changing. According to the article Prevalence of Eating Disorders: A Comparison of Western and Non- Western Countries, â€Å"Survey findings indicate that the number of subjects with eating disorders or abnormal eating attitudes is increasing in non-Western countries †¦ It is important to understand how eating and body image problems present differently in different cultures and to identify potential risk factors for abnormal eating attitudes in order to determine the need for treatment, prevention, and education.† Eating disorders are becoming more popular in non-western countries. The solution to helping those with eating disorders in other countries will be different than the solutions that could help here. Every country has different cultures and traditions that the tr eatment plans will need to account for. Researchers areShow MoreRelatedThe Factors of Eating Disorders Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pagesbody shape. According to a report that was done by the Federal Trade Commission, seventy percent of Americans are either trying not to maintain their weight or are trying to lose weight (Kittleson 75). To compensate for being over weight, an individual will develop an eating disorder. According to Mark Kittleson, eating disorders are when an individual eats way too much or way too little (1). There are three different types of eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating. According to JessicaRead More History of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay5178 Words   |  21 PagesGallo at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland, and a group headed by American virologist Jay Levy at the University of California at San Francisco isolated a retrovirus from people with AIDS and from individuals having contact with people with AIDS. All three groups of scientists isolated wh at is now known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS. Infection with HIV does not necessarily mean that a person has AIDS, although people who are HIV-positive are often

Social Media And Anxiety From A Medical Point Of View

Social media creates anxiety and stress because it creates pressure to maintain an identity and live up to certain standards. But, it fails to be recognized as a real issue in young people because of the lack of attention from medical professionals. In this paper, I will analyze and gather research from multiple scholarly articles that give their opinion on social media and anxiety. Firstly, I will look at social media and anxiety from a medical point of view I will then collect information that suggests that social media is causing multiple feelings of stress, low self-esteem, and the faà §ade or fake lifestyle which puts pressures on young people today. Social media and anxiety are extremely relevant to today’s society. Especially now more†¦show more content†¦Davey’s research supports a medical article by phycologist Kerkar Pramod. Pramod argues that Social Media Anxiety Disorder is an actual, very real diagnosis for which we can receive treatment and even recovery tips. He states that this disorder contributes to other serious mental illnesses such as depression (Pramod). Acknowledging the disorder is helping many understand it as a vital factor of their stress, loneliness, and anxiety. Pramod and Davey both show the severity of what this addiction can do in their articles. Davey looks at the effects of social media and anxiety and explains the loneliness aspect of it (Davey). Yet, Pramod identifies the causes and symptoms which suggest several professionals including phycologists are aware of the illness (Pramod). However, whilst few acknowledge the disorder there does seem to be an overall lack of attention from most medical professionals. This is shown in the DSM. The â€Å"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders† written by the American Psychiatric Association is the complete categorization and analysis of every mental disorder (Oquendo, et al). The DSM neglects to present a particular disorder which is referred to as the â€Å"Internet addiction disorder†. It is not categorized in their latest manual of DSM-5, 2013. Therefore, the disorder not being in the DSM, the most commonly used source for psychiatrists,Show MoreRelatedSocial Me dia Produces Anxiety And Stress Because It Creates1552 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media produces anxiety and stress because it creates pressure to maintain an identity and live up to certain standards. However, social media is not recognized as a real issue in young people because of the lack of attention from medical professionals. In this paper, I will analyze and gather research from multiple scholarly articles that give their opinion on social media and anxiety. Firstly, I will look at social media and anxiety from a medical point of view I will then collect informationRead MoreSocial Media s Effect On A Young Woman s Body Image1298 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Media’s Effect on a Young Woman’s Body Image Social media has become a pastime that consumes hours and hours of so many lives today. Most all women have been impacted in some kind of way by Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram and Twitter because they are using it on a daily basis. Some of these women do not even realize how much they have been negatively impacted by using social media. People see information posted that they would not have known if it were not for social media. SometimesRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1421 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media has become a very popular form of entertainment, resource for information and an excellent tool for communicating your thoughts and personal life with the rest of the world. In this day and age it is very uncommon to not be connected to the internet in some way or another, But just like everything Social Media has it’s pros and cons. Many people can agree that Social Media is a life changing tool that helps us find out more about the world and help s us connect to people around us orRead MoreEssay about Social Phobia or Just Shyness1667 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Phobia or Just Shyness As pharmaceutical companies began advertising on television several years ago, many prescription drug advertisements flooded the airwaves. One such drug was for the treatment of social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia. In investigating the causes, symptoms, and treatment of social anxiety disorder, I found that while drug companies and some researchers have hailed the unveiling of a drug for social anxiety as an important step, others feel thatRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effects On Society1302 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Social Media such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and YouTube are web-based activities that provide individuals access to build a public or a semi-public profile within a confined system, connect and find users that they share a connection with as well as view and navigate the list of connections that are made by other participants of the systems (Boyd Ellison, 2007). Social media is widely used by young adults contributing to about 84% of the total usage (Smith, 2011). Some of theRead MoreThe Impact Of Modern Technology On Us And Our Society Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology brought many positive improvements into our lives and our society, it can also brought negative impacts on our society and on oneself. Today technology is largely beneficial to individuals for personal use, businesses, schools, military, and medical as well as hospital use. Technology has a tremendous impact on people, today humans are capable of having instant access to information, allowing them to be in steady contact with the world and it is literally available at the tip of our fingersRead MoreHealth Concerns And Health Issues1025 Words   |  5 PagesHealth communication informs the consumer about health concerns and health issues. Social change and communication works hand in hand. Developing a dialogue in social change to help bridge the gaps due to lack of communication will be a positive step in better health care. â€Å"Health communication has much to celebrate and contribute. The field is gaining recognition in part because of its emphasis on combining theory and practice in understanding communication processes and changing human behaviors†Read MorePsychology : Theory Of Psychology1637 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality is comprised of three major parts: ID, ego, and super-ego. In addition, most of the aspects of one’s pers onality and actions are driven by parts of the unconscious mind and at times contradict with the conscious mind, where this creates anxiety. Therefore, in the perspective of someone who is an advocate of psychodynamic psychology, human aggression would be based on motives that are unconscious, where perhaps hatred or jealousy may play an aspect in human aggression. The best and most effectiveRead MoreContribution of Psychology and Social Psychology to the Study of Health and Welfare Issues1358 Words   |  6 PagesContribution of Psychology and Social Psychology to the Study of Health and Welfare Issues In this assignment I will be comparing and contrasting two psychological approaches demonstrating their relevance to understanding a health issue. The issue that I will be applying the two psychological approaches to is Smoking. The psycho dynamic approach denotes the active forces within the personality that motivate behaviour, and the inner causes of behaviourRead MoreEating Disorders1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe factors in which cause eating disorders such as biological and psychological issues, how the media and society portrays thinness and the prevalence of eating disorders in other non-westernized countries. To support these claims, I will be using several peer reviewed journal articles that I have found and also the assigned journal article that was given to me. I will begin by defining the medical diagnosis of each eating disorder. 　　When I reference eating disorders in this paper, I am specifically

The City Of New Orleans - 1805 Words

â€Å"New Orleans is unlike any city in America. Its cultural diversity is woven into the food, the music, the architecture – even the local superstisions. It’s a sensory experience on all levels and there’s a story lukring around every corner.† –Ruta Sepetys The city of New Orleans, Louisiana is a very different and special place. The population is about 390,000 based on the 2014 census. The city was named after the Regent to Louis XV, the Duke of Orleans in the early 1700s. It was established by French colonists and to this day has a strong resemblance of Spanish and French culture lingering in the old neighbor hoods in forms of architecture, music, food, and lifestyle. The architecture in New Orleans is very unique. The buildings are reflective of its rich history and melting pot of different heritages. The style of architecture is called Creole, which is a mix of Spanish and French architecture types. There are many types of house styles. These include Creole cottages, townhouses, shotgun style homes, double gallery homes, center-hall homes, raised-basement, and bungalows, are just a few types of popular housing styles in New Orleans. Creole cottages are one of the oldest types of homes that can be found in New Orleans. These small yet ornate styled homes can be found in many neighborhoods in the area. They are usually built in a 1-story way, with a roofline that slopes from the back to the front. These homes are typically built at the very edge of the propertyShow MoreRelatedThe City Of New Orleans922 Words   |  4 Pagescould be seen on the roofs of buildings across the city. A neighborhood TV channel reported New Orleans was encountering broad flooding due to levee damage, clean water was scarce, and the city was electrically deficient and was estimated to last for weeks. At day’s end, the Mayor of New Orleans described the considerable death toll with reports of bodies floating on the water throughout the city. The National Guard set up morgues all throughout the city. Coordination of rescue efforts days to come wereRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans971 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to the city of Ne w Orleans, Louisiana! New Orleans is one of the most popular cities in the boot. This wonderful, distinctive place is the home of plenty of unknown special activities instead of what most know which is Mardi Gras. Believe it or not, New Orleans, is a go-to city for most events that many, if not most Northern Louisianan may not existence. In other states, people can come to a conclusion that all Louisiana natives are the same, but we vary around the state. New Orleans is differentRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe City of New Orleans is a remarkable city and has enormous potential for expansion. The â€Å"Big Easy† has always been known for the French Quarter, yet New Orleans is so much more than just a â€Å"party city†. I suspect there is a demand to show the â€Å"family friendly† side of our city. My proposal is to offer new development in a vigilant and financially responsible manner, while offering a glimpse of the extraordinarily exciting and expansive visions that I hope to witness in the future. The marketRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans870 Words   |  4 PagesOn August 29, 2005, one of the largest hurricanes ever recorded hit the city of New Orleans, devastating millions and changing their lives and their city forever. The category 3 hurricane created mass displacement and mass destruction that the city has yet to fully recover from. The residents of this once lively and culture-filled city are still attempting to rebuild what was washed away for them ten years ago. Louisiana was home to many individuals who simply loved their state and it’s peopleRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans1471 Words   |  6 Pages In the city of New Orleans emerged one of the most influential music genres in the history of the United States of America. At the time, New Orleans was known for being a blending pot of people or rather, a location where people from all over the world came together in one place. This city served as a key seaport in the U.S. allowing for goods to be imported and exported. The purpose of this city was not only strategic to the growth of the country, but also allowed for the incredible mixing ofRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans2626 Words   |  11 PagesThe city of New Orleans lies below sea level in a bowl bordered by levees which prevent the high waters of the Mississippi River from flooding the city. These levees were put to the test on August 29, 2005 when Hurricane Katrina hit, causing severe destruction along the Gulf coast. Three c oncrete floodwalls protecting the city of New Orleans fractured and burst under the weight of surging waters from the hurricane, killing hundreds and resulting in an estimated $100 to $150 billion worth of damageRead MoreThe City Of New Orleans2342 Words   |  10 Pages Reactions The city is dead. Without a single person out in the street, and without the bright summer sunshine that wakes people up for another Monday morning. The city was completely gone; the city that used to burst with people and streets that were filled with energy is now empty but filled with filthy water. It was August 29, 2005, when the hurricane entered the warm water of the Gulf and grew to be a monstrous storm. So monstrous, that it destroyed anything in its path. The hurricane that weRead MoreThe Great City Of New Orleans2217 Words   |  9 PagesIn this great city of New Orleans, we have so many extravagant elements that distinguishes us from other cities. From Mardi Gras to the French Quarters to Canal St., they all play an important part in this city s history. The different historical statues we have scattered about the city also cause major attractions and either people love or hate them. Lately, four specific statues have been getting a lot of attention around town from not o nly the citizens, but from our very own mayor, Mitch LandrieuRead MoreNew Orleans: A Historic City849 Words   |  3 PagesNew Orleans is the largest city in Louisiana, it is located in the southern part of the state, between The Mississippi River and Lake Ponchartrain. New Orleans has belonged to Spain, France, and the United States. It was founded by the French in 1718. New Orleans has about 712 churches in all. It has about 165 city owned parks. New Orleans is famous for its French Quarter, with its mixture of French, Spanish, and native architectural styles. The Mardi Gras is a week of carnival held in New OrleansRead MoreComparison Between City London And New Orleans1094 Words   |  5 PagesI will compare my city London to New Orleans. I will investigate and compare them to each other which is going to be easy I hope you enjoy me explaining to you their similarities and difference. Landforms: New Orleans, Louisiana has a river named Mississippi Rivers, wet marsh land, Sabine uplifts are Shallow, muddy seas advanced and retreated over the coastal and river plains many times, and gray clay deposited under these seas now forms the aquifers of northern Louisiana. Which are and has no mountains;

Privatization In Russia Essay Research Paper Example For Students

Privatization In Russia Essay Research Paper Word Count: 2263For some, the privatization of Russian industry has been one of the great success stories of Russias painful economic transition: quick, firm and radical action was taken to shift the great bulk of Russian industry out of state hands, thereby laying the basis for a radical restructuring of enterprises and improvements in their performance. Others see privatization as a best a failure, at worst a catastrophe. Not surprisingly those opposed to the market and economic reform as a whole share this view. But many commentators who see themselves as supporters of reform find plenty in Russian privatization to criticize: the process led to the transfer of ownership to inappropriate people and as a consequence no beneficial restructuring of enterprises or the economy can be expected. While this paper will attempt to cover the three key facets of privatization: that enterprises be transferred to private ownership; that the new owners be able de jure and de facto to exercise ownership rights; and, finally and ultimately most importantly, that the new owners exercise their ownership rights in such a way as to bring about improvements in enterprise performance. The key issues to be surveyed, therefore, are: who as a result of privatization obtained ownership of Russian industrial assets, and are they appropriate owners; can new owners, particularly if they are appropriate owners, exercise their owne rship rights; and has privatization led to improvements in enterprise performance? The paper will deal with privatization only within the industrial sector; thereby ignoring the highly controversial privatizations of the last twelve months or so in the energy and utility sectors. Who are the new owners?Global data showing about 70% of GNP being produced in the private sector reflects the high levels of privatization of industrial enterprises, with the great bulk of enterprises having been privatized by mid-1994. However privatization does not necessarily mean the complete removal of the state from an equity involvement in enterprises. State ownership. The state retains shareholdings in a significant number of privatized enterprises on the basis of government decrees declaring the strategic significance for national security of the enterprise. Shareholdings range from 20 to 51 per cent or a Golden Share (a single share giving veto rights over certain strategic issues of corporate development) retained by the state for up to three years. In late 1997 the state had shareholdings in 2900 enterprises. The shareholding consisted of a Golden Share in 1351 cases, of over 50% of shares in 128, of 25-50%, in 1037, of 20-25% in 228, and less than 20% in 303 of cases. By far the largest numbers of state holdings are in the energy sector (860). Not surprisingly the defense industry sector has a significant number (260). The rest are scattered across the economy. This is a not insignificant state equity interest in Russian industry. There appears to be no particular trend towards either the strengthening or weakening of the states holdings, primarily because there are very differing views within government over which direction any trend should take. There is a continuing dribble of disposals, but decrees extending the period for which the state can retain parcels of shares in particular enterprises are also not rare. The number of enterprises deemed to require a strategic state interest increased from the original 2700 set in the governments 1995 decree, to over 3200 in early 1997, but had declined to 2900 by the end of 1997. It seems likely that a rump state presence will remain for some time to come, but not at a level that represents the basis for a significant rolling back of privatization. Majority workforce shareholdings are seen as leading to two possible outcomes: collective ownership, in which the enterprise is owned and managed in a collective way by a workforce with common interests; or management ownership, in which management in various ways gains de facto if not de jure ownership rights over workforce shares and thereby gains effective ownership of the enterprise. Collective ownership derives either from a natural alliance between managers and rank-and-file employees, probably based on Soviet traditions of paternalism and the social contract, or from the need of managers to pander to workers who control a majority of voting rights at shareholder meetings. Although some observers might find a collective ownership outcome desirable, on the grounds that it provides for workplace democracy and high-incentive work habits, reform-oriented commentators generally find it a form of ownership likely to lead to the maintenance of excessively high levels of underemployed staff and an over concentration on consumption at the expense of investment. The management ownership outcome derives from the ability of management to totally dominate divided, demoralized or indifferent rank-and-file employees. The argument that they do so by bribing employees with promises of secure employment and the maintenance of social welfare provisions is essentially the same as that presented in the previous paragraph on collective ownership. Prejudgment of the world Essay Their misdeeds include sacking or otherwise discriminating against workers who sell their shares; putting barriers in the way of outsiders purchasing shares or refusing to register purchases that are made; and discriminating against minority shareholders in terms of dividend policy. To these can be added the refusal to allow representatives of minority shareholders onto the board of directors, diluting the holdings of existing shareholders by issuing new shares and allocating them to management cronies, refusing to call shareholder meetings, manipulating the agendas of such meetings, concealing information on enterprise performance from shareholders, and making strategic decisions without consulting shareholders. And some of the provisions of the Civil Code dealt with these abuses. The basic principles of shareholder rights and corporate governance were then set out in a consolidated piece of legislation, the Law On Joint-Stock Companies (aktsionernye obshchestva, AOs), which after a long passage through parliament was passed by the Duma (the lower house) on 24 November 1995 and signed by Yeltsin on 26 December 1995, to come into legal force as of 1 January 1996. The Law clearly responds to most of the abuses of shareholders rights, which littered the initial years of post-communist corporate governance. A summary of the legislation, especially the clauses most related to the protection of shareholders rights follows. Some of the examples of management behavior outlined above make it clear how important the rules on notification of meetings and quorums are. Regulations on notification are contained in Article 52. It is not essential that shareholders be informed directly and personally of shareholders meeting, although if a simple advertisement is to suffice the publication in which it is to appear must be specified in the Articles of Association. For larger AOs at least 30 days notice must be given of a meeting, with the Law containing a considerable degree of specification of the information that must be included in the notification. The board of directors of an AO with over 1,000 shareholders must have at least seven members; nine members are required for AOs with over 10,000 shareholders. Members of the management committee must be in a minority on the board, and the general director cannot simultaneously chair the board (Art. 66). Although the Law makes no provisions for the representation of minority shareholders on boards of directors, the requirement that cumulative voting be used in elections to boards is presumably designed to provide some protection (Art.59). The Federal Commission on the Capital Market reports an increase in outsider representation on boards since the first half of 1994, but also those outsiders are still underrepresented. One would be unwise to underestimate the ingenuity of Russian managers in finding ways around the Law, or their willingness to simply disobey it.61 Nevertheless the most obvious sources of abuse of shareholders rights have been dealt with. The fact that the Law one passed after all by a communist-dominated parliament has a pro-shareholder orientation is in itself worthy of note. As Dmitrii Vasilev, the head of the Federal Commission on the Capital Market, put it after the passage of the Law: As a result, we can say most violations of shareholders rights are now illegal in RussiaConclusionI am prepared nevertheless to venture, albeit tentatively, that the score card is not obviously against privatization. The suggestion that the designers of privatization were somehow conned into handing ownership over to managers does not stand up. The indications are that they knew what they were doing and judged that outside owners would eventually assert themselves. Gradually they are doing so, and gradually they are improving their ability to exercise and enforce their ownership rights. Sometimes they are doing so in ways that are no less reprehensible than the methods of the manager-owners. There are also reasons to be concerned about the long-term consequences of the sort of bank-dominated and highly integrated ownership that many of the outsiders have brought. The best that can be said at this stage is that all modern economies have at their peak a corporate sector dominated by large integrated institutions. Clearly the private sector, and thereby privatization, has to bear some responsibility for an economy in which it has a 70% share but which is unable to provide in anything like adequate proportions growth or welfare. But in this there are other factors also at work. Indeed there are some small indications, at both macro- and micro-levels, of a positive correlation between private ownership and good performance. With time that correlation could well become stronger and more evident.